Paul Martin (June 6, 1883, New York City, New York - March 19, 1932, Ossining, New York) was a graphic artist and illustrator. His artwork appeared on nine different magazine covers from 1923 to 1932. Martin designed the then-world's largest electrical display in 1917. He reshaped the then-iconic Fisk Tire Boy in late 1929. He played in tennis tournaments around the Greater New York area from 1909 to 1931. Also in the National Championships of 1920-21, 24 (all after age 35). The annual Paul Martin Singles Tournament is named after him.
Video Paul Martin (illustrator)
Background
The golden age of illustration began in the 1880s. Major advancements in printing techniques were then taking place. This included breakthroughs in the halftone process. It made the printing of images for commercial usage more economical, feasible, and realistic. The reproduction of art from wood engravings (time consuming and strenuous), was largely replaced with photo-mechanical engravings (higher accuracy level). These and other methods were utilized by artist, writer, teacher, innovator-Howard Pyle, who is generally regarded as "The Father of American Illustration." Others who gained fame in this field included Howard Chandler Christy, Harrison Fisher, James Montgomery Flagg, Charles Dana Gibson, John Held Jr., J. C. Leyendecker, Maxfield Parrish, Coles Phillips, Frederic Remington, Norman Rockwell, Jessie Willcox Smith and N. C. Wyeth.
However, the vast majority of illustrators received little recognition, compared to the fine artists. This was basically due to their artwork being viewed as more commercially, than creatively inspired. Nonetheless, illustrators once played a powerful role in communicating the people's aspirations, concerns, customs, humor, labor, morals and social interests. One of them was Paul Martin, whose work appeared on the covers of Collier's, Everybody's, Farm & Fireside, The Farmer's Wife, Liberty, Parents and People's Home Journal from 1923-31. These seven magazines once ranked among the most widely circulated. They all went out of business long ago, except for Parents. Their eventual downfall was caused by the changing times (or taste), emergence of radio and television (more attractive medium for advertisers), and economics (increased cost/decreased revenue). The more specialized ones that targeted specific audiences, tended to fare better. Another point is that major advancements in photographic equipment and technology took place during the 1930s. This brought about the gradual changeover (twenty-five+ year process) from illustrated to photographic covers. The former still lingered on, for its innovative and enchanting qualities, until succumbing to digital media (especially Photoshop).
Maps Paul Martin (illustrator)
Collier's
General interest magazines (mixture of entertainment, pictures, politics, serials, short stories and sports) were once very popular and appealed to diverse audiences. One of them was the historically significant Collier's (founded 1888), which had a revival under new editor William Chenery in 1925. Martin drew many of its covers during the Roaring Twenties, including seven in 1925 (twenty 1923-27). Some artists created a niche and then stuck with it, such as in drawing comical situations, domestic follies, political satire, pretty women or simple pleasures. His recurring theme was of a youthful boy engaged in various lighthearted activities. This included the following: catching a baseball, loading up on desserts (pictured below), playing the flute, decked out in a straw hat, shooting marbles, shoveling snow, carrying books on head, riding a sled, winding up a spinning top, eating turkey at Christmas, bobbing for apples, playing football (pictured), happily swimming, getting a shaved haircut, saying grace, working as a messenger, daydreaming about fishing and going down a water slide. He seldom veered from this subject matter.
His drawing style was simple yet bold. It captured aspects of youth that were innocent and carefree. They reflected the wishful or nostalgic sentiment of the time. Martin excluded the non-essential details (extra people, structures, trees, scenery etc.), which allowed viewers to make an instant connection. His paintings were often easy to recognize, since their theme and style remained fairly consistent. They sometimes gave the illusion of three-dimensional depth. This was through the use of various techniques, such as overlapping, color intensity or variation and linear perspective. His cover art never corresponded to anything in particular, but rather had a holiday or seasonal theme or portrayed the magazine's overall image (common practice back then). Martin mostly hired local boys for the photo sessions. His drawings were made directly from those photos, and not real life (which required long sittings). This gave him more options and flexibly, as the final version was based on multiple photos taken during the shoot (along with some improvising). It was also a more practical process, due to active children being involved. He would interact with them, until getting the desired natural or candid expression. His wife assisted in preparing the models for their scenes. Collier's couldn't keep up with the rapidly changing times following WWII, and ceased publication in December 1956. The main culprit was television, which dramatically took away from its advertising and circulation revenue. Collier's top competitors (Life, Look and Post) adapted somewhat better to the changing times, which helped them hold out longer.
Graphic artist
Martin designed Wrigley Gum's light bulb spectacular, which showcased six acrobatic "spearmen" on a Broadway billboard in 1917. It was then the world's largest electrical display at 200' x 50'. It covered the entire city block between 43rd and 44th Streets. This Times Square light show, was a major tourist attraction for seven years. He drew a poster titled "Serve Your Country," for the War Camp Community Service in 1918. It showed a fashionable young woman serving in tennis (play on words). Women were encouraged to entertain off-duty soldiers, by participating in various social events (dancing, dining etc.). A silkscreen version of this poster, has been periodically on display at the International Tennis Hall of Fame and Museum in Newport, Rhode Island. Another two were for the American Junior Red Cross. The first was titled "The Flag of Service the World Around" in 1929. It showed children in international costumes on top of a globe, with one holding a large Red Cross flag. The second was titled "Juniors Helping Everywhere" (with twenty miniature scenes) in 1930. Its purpose was to expand awareness of their various worldwide projects. He created three paintings for the Hecker H-O (Hornby's Oatmeal) Company of Buffalo, New York in 1931 (pictured). One showed a confident and sturdy young football player being patched up, who had oats for breakfast. These advertisements first appeared on billboards. They then had a short run in food markets; on their walls, display windows or hanging from overhead wires.
He painted three color advertisements for General Electric's all-steel "Monitor Top" refrigerator in 1930. The first and most elaborate featured two boys running a lemonade stand. Their mother is shown looking on with approval, through the open kitchen window. It appeared as a full-page ad in many different magazines at around the same time. Review excerpt from Printers' Ink: "'Electric Lemonaide, 5 cents per glass', reads the sign of the youthful shopkeepers. [They] are soliciting trade in a strenuous manner, as a friendly dog enters into the spirit of the event with challenging barks.... It is a picture filled with action and story-telling strength. But because the advertised product has been worked in so adroitly, the illustration seems doubly effective and relevant." His other "Monitor Top" credits were of a girl playing with blocks (that spell out the company's initials), and two dressed-up girls listening to an enthusiastic sales boy. It was proclaimed as the first reliable and affordable model for residential use (though at a hefty price). He also drew a cheerful boy eating beans for Heinz 57.
He designed a contest-winning poster titled "Usefulness o Beauty o Health o Truth o Knowledge" for the Girl Scouts in 1931. This contest was conducted by the Art Alliance of America, an organization that brought together craft workers and manufacturers. The six-judge panel consisted of W. T. Benda (who replaced Charles Dana Gibson), Ray Greenleaf, Rockwell Kent, John La Gatta, Neysa McMein and Edward A. Wilson. Martin's model for the poster was Barbara Smith, a 14-year-old from Darien, Connecticut (who previously lived in Yonkers, N.Y.). Her parents and Martin were longtime friends. He even served as best man at their wedding back in 1904. His winning entree earned him a first-place check, from the Girl Scouts' National Director Josephine Schain (pictured). This exchange took place right after the top three were announced, at their old national headquarters on Lexington Avenue in New York City. National President Mrs. Frederick (Birdsall Otis) Edey was one of three consultants, along with executives Mrs. Arthur O. (Anne Hyde) Choate and Mrs. Nicholas F. (Genevieve Garvan) Brady. This poster (pictured in insert) later appeared with three raised fingers instead of a salute, on the cover of Girl Scout Equipment catalogs for Fall 1932 and Spring 1933. It captured the spirit of their character-building movement, and was in popular usage until 1937. Martin said at the award ceremony, "Barbara seems [to be] the personification of all that Girl Scouting means. She is the very spirit of radiant, happy and wholesome young girlhood, and my mind naturally turned to her immediately when I learned of the competition."
His drawings also ended up on Gerlach Barklow calendars, ink blotters (similar to trade cards) and prints for business advertising, such as one titled "Singin' in the Rain" from 1931. It showed a boy sheltering several pups from the rain with an umbrella, while sitting down (pictured). Another showed a boy reading about scientific theories with some difficulty. Martin's paintings often included a cute and friendly pup (or even several). He drew covers for such trade publications as Advertising & Selling, Good Hardware, Progressive Grocer (voice of the industry for food retailers) and Silent Hostess (recipes and tips for homemakers) between 1920 & 31. Coincidentally, the helmet-wearing boy for H-O Oats (pictured), later served as Progressive Grocer's associate editor from 1957-62. Martin's first two signed covers were for this food-oriented magazine. His work appeared in many different forms of print media (including outdoor advertising).
Another credit is mentioned in a publication by the Veterans of Foreign Wars in 1932. As follows: "The cover design on this issue of Foreign Service is a two-color reproduction of the official 1932 Buddy Poppy poster. (It was so named because former soldiers would use that word, in describing their comrades who perished in WWI.) The original was painted in oil by the late Paul Martin, noted New York poster artist, who died suddenly on March 19th following a serious operation. The poster has been pronounced as one of the most striking and appropriate designs ever used, to depict the symbolism of the Buddy Poppy. (A bright red artificial flower, which was worn in honor of the fallen Allied soldiers.) It was completed shortly before the artist's death and is believed to have been his last important assignment [sic]. Those familiar with Paul Martin's career as an artist, declare the 1932 Buddy Poppy poster to be one of his best creations."
Fisk Tire Boy
Prelude: The Fisk Rubber Company (as originally known; founded 1898) was producing automobile, bicycle and carriage tires by 1901. Its factory was located along the riverfront in Chicopee Falls, Massachusetts. It pumped out 230,000 tires in August 1921. Fisk struggled financially during most of the 1930s. They were bought out by U.S. Rubber (1940), which became known as Uniroyal Inc. (1961). Its name changed to Uniroyal Goodrich (1986), through a merger. This company sold its tire division to Michelin (1990). The Fisk Tire brand was discontinued in 1977. Michelin started reproducing them in 1996. This revitalized brand was sold through Discount Tire (1996-2013).
He completely reshaped one of the most famous characters in the history of American advertising. It was the Fisk Tire Company's bedtime boy, who shouldered an oversized tire while dangling a lighted candle. It came with the catchphrase "Time To Re-tire" (debuted 1910). This slogan had a simple double meaning. The boy's yawn became a smile in early 1929. Martin was then commissioned to come up with a slightly more aged, modern-day figure in late 1929. The objective was to update the heavily publicized trademark, while still maintaining its charm and familiarity. The young lad's one-piece sleeper became a two-piece pajama set, during the changeover process. The slippers were also added. His four-year-old nephew was used as the model (neck down only). Still, the pose and all-important props remained basically intact (though with the current tire design and a more fashionable--less tilted--candle holder). This new look was described by the publicity manager at Fisk, to a national magazine writer in early 1930. As follows: "A happy, smiling, 100-percent American boy in his little two-piece pajama, radiating good cheer, ruddy-cheeked and tousle-headed, snappy and wide awake, standing in the old-time pose."
The now-updated version was first used by Fisk Tires, to showcase its newly introduced Air-Flights in advertisements. This included twelve times in the Saturday Evening Post, between Feb. 8 and Aug. 23, 1930 (pictured). It was offered to the public as an 11x14" art print in 1930. The image appeared in many other formats, with or without a facial touch-up. For instance, on the front cover and endpapers of promotional children's books in 1931. Subjects: Candy Land, Jack and the Bean Stalk, Little Black Sambo, Peter Rabbit, The Three Bears, and Three Little Kittens. They were subtitled "Time to Re-tire / A Bedtime Story." It also showed up on ashtrays, bridge score pads, electrical clocks, five different jigsaw puzzles (#1 pictured), matchbooks, posters and rubber heel replacements for shoes. These items were either freebies, or giveaways with an automotive purchase. Martin's version was used by Fisk retailers on their data books, display windows, letterheads and mailing envelopes (pictured). It appeared in a scaled-down form, in Boys' Life and other magazines (along with hundreds of newspapers) from 1930-34. Fisk Tires then went back to the original sleepy boy in 1935. Incidentally, Norman Rockwell drew many paintings featuring the character, which were published in 1917-19, 24-25. Likewise, J. F. Kernan and Leslie Thrasher between 1924 & 27.
Timetable. Three stages of the pajama-clad boy (based on its appearance in print or on advertising material): a. 1910-28, 35-onward (created by Burr Giffen, an agency art director). b. 1929-30 (uncredited change of a yawn into a smile). c. 1930-34 (modern redesign by Paul Martin).
Printers' Ink article from 1912. Excerpt: "It was in 1910 that the 'Time to Re-Tire' boy was created, appeared first in a lithographed wall hanger in four colors, and later all over the country for poster display. This is the now familiar picture of the little boy ready for bed, lugging a large Fisk tire on his arm. His reception was sufficiently enthusiastic to cause the advertiser to distribute postcards and reprints in which the boy was the central figure."
Personal life and tennis
He was born to Hannah A. (née Morrow) and Robert C. Martin (a brick merchant) in New York City on June 6, 1883. He was the youngest of nine children (seven boys, two girls). The family home was then situated between 8th and 9th Ave., on 31st St. in Manhattan. The Martin clan moved way up to Central Harlem on Edgecombe Ave., 1891. They relocated within Central Harlem, to 129th St. and 5th Ave. in 1898. They belonged to the 24th Street M.E. Church (till 1891) and Calvary M.E. Church (till 1908). Paul's father Robert was the superintendent of their Sunday schools. Martin immensely enjoyed drawing as a boy. He studied commercial art at the National Academy of Design in New York City from 1902-06 (summer only 1906). He began working for the New York Tribune around 1905. This led to a seven-year stint as its art manager. Martin and family members moved from Upper Manhattan to Maplewood, New Jersey, 1908. He started competing in sanctioned tennis tournaments in 1909. Martin married Lauretta Willey in 1912. (Her brother would own the Willey Book Co.) Their first rented home was in the University Heights section of the Bronx, 1912. They relocated a block away in 1915. He was employed with the O. J. Gude Company and Gotham Studios from 1914-20. These two were giants in the advertising industry. Martin joined the Artists' Guild and went freelance in early 1921. Paul and Lauretta moved from the Bronx to a rural area of Millwood, New York, 1925. Their first owned home doubled as a working studio (upper floor) from 1925 to 1932. Its centerpiece was a long flat-top table that held the canvases, drawing pads, paint brushes and tubes. Also nearby were art books, easels and props for photo shoots. He occasionally used family members as models. Uncle Paul's niece Edna is shown, writing down the license number of a boy's wagon (for knocking over her doll carriage), on the Liberty cover of September 12, 1925. She's also highlighted on an American Junior Red Cross poster. His mother-in-law is shown basting a turkey for Thanksgiving, on the People's Home Journal cover of November 1928.
He was ranked as one of the top thirty tennis players in the New York metropolitan area from 1920-25 (top twenty 1923-24). His strength was in shot placement. Martin won numerous trophies (or awards) in singles, doubles and mixed doubles (with Lauretta) between 1919 & 1931. This included, for example, one for capturing the inaugural championship at Sunningdale Country Club in 1920. Others were for the Lake George and Lake Mohonk Championships of 1924. Martin's opponents included future Hall of Famers Fred Alexander, Jean Borotra, Francis Hunter, Gerald Patterson, Vincent Richards, Bill Tilden, John Van Ryn & Marie Wagner. Other standouts were Herbert Bowman, Walter Merrill Hall, Robert Kinsey, Percy Kynaston, Nathaniel Niles, Dr. William Rosenbaum, Howard Voshell & Charles Wood. A doubles partner and longtime clubmate was newspaper columnist Franklin P. Adams, who wrote "Baseball's Sad Lexicon." Featured Match. Eastern New York State Championship of 1925. Excerpts from a New York Times column by Allison Danzig: "This afternoon Tilden and Strachan advanced from the semi-finals of the doubles, by putting out Alfred D. Hammett and Paul Martin at 6-4, 5-7, 6-1, 6-3.... It required some of the best tennis that Tilden has played here all week, before the Philadelphians were able to overcome the New York pair. Hammett and Martin were always contenders, except in the third set when they slumped badly; and in order to hold them off, Tilden constantly found it necessary to invade his partner's territory and play the opposing pair single-handed.... Both Martin and Hammett fought with everything they had and their team work was splendidly coordinated, but all counted for nought against the individual brilliance of Tilden" [then ranked World No. 1].
Martin competed with "Big Bill" in over a dozen other tournaments, including the National/US Open Championships of 1920, 21 & 24. The latter was played at newly built Forest Hills Stadium, and on its outlying courts. He faced off against two-time Wimbledon champion, Gerald Patterson of Australia. 41-year-old Martin won a set, though lost the match 4-6, 4-6, 9-7, 0-6. (There was a one-day rain delay after the third set.) He also competed on these same Forest Hills courts, in four straight National Championships for veterans (ages 45+) from 1928-31. Martin was a standout singles and doubles player, for both the University Heights (Bronx, N.Y.) and County (Scarsdale, N.Y.) Tennis Clubs. He was unwittingly caught up in the famous player-writer dispute of 1924. The distinction between amateurism and professionalism was hotly contested from Feb.-Dec. 1924. Martin sometimes acted as a referee. He organized tournaments for youngsters, as a committee member of the Briarcliff Lodge Sports Club. The Westchester County Tennis League is the oldest continuously running of its kind, in the United States (est. 1924). They hold the annual Paul Martin Singles Tournament. The winners of this event have their names engraved, on one of his prized cups (pictured).
Martin died of ulcers at age 48, following a major operation at Ossining Hospital in 1932. The funeral service was held at Highland/United Methodist Church in Ossining. Survivors included three brothers and one sister. His wife Lauretta "Lolly" (1880-1972) outlived him by forty years. They both played in the singles draw of the US Open and were regular mixed doubles partners. She donated the tournament trophy named after her husband. His silkscreen print "Serve Your Country" was once prominently displayed, in the main room of the International Tennis Hall of Fame and Museum. He was known for his athletic ability, active participation, friendliness and sportsmanship.
Career finals
The following list only includes open or invitational tournaments, which were sanctioned by the United States Lawn Tennis Association. Their results largely determined the player rankings, and who qualified for the Nationals. These semi-majors are categorized by the event's host. Verified/known total = 28. Wins (10). SINGLES: 1920-Sunningdale (Scarsdale) CC. 1924-Lake George & Lake Mohonk Tennis Clubs. DOUBLES: 1922-New York Athletic Club. 1924-Lake George & Lake Mohonk. 1925-Lake George & West Side Tennis Club (for veterans). 1931-Lake George. MIXED DOUBLES: 1920-New York TC (for married couples). Runners-up (18). SINGLES: 1919-Woodmere (L.I.,N.Y.) Club. 1922-Essex County (N.J.) CC. 1923-Amackassin (Yonkers) Club & Harlem (Manhattan) TC. 1924-Oritani (Hackensack, N.J.) Field Club & Stamford (Conn.) Yacht Club. 1925-Lake George & Lake Mohonk. 1930-Lake George. DOUBLES: 1921-Greenwich (Conn.) CC & Milford (Pa.) Field Club. 1925-Lake Mohonk. 1926-South Yonkers TC. 1930-Lake George. 1931-Lake Mohonk. MIXED DOUBLES: 1921-Milford (Pa.). 1925-Lake George (with Lauretta). 1930-Lake George (with Lauretta). Consolation win. Singles: 1915-Merriewold TC. He also won several members-only tournaments, which were sponsored by the County Tennis Club of Westchester in Scarsdale.
Career majors. This list is based on appearances. He lasted until the stated rounds. National Singles (3): 1920-1R. 1921-2R. 1924-2R. National Veterans' Singles (4): 1928-4R. 1929-4R. 1930-3R. 1931-3R. It was renamed the US Open in 1968.
University Heights TC. A longtime club and committee member. He routinely played in their annual North Side tournaments. These events often drew a large entry. Singles (12): 1915-5R. 1916-3R. 1917-2R. 1918-4R. 1919-5R. 1920-3R. 1922-3R. 1923-4R. 1924-SF. 1925-3R. 1928-SF. 1929-2R. Doubles (6): 1913-SF. 1915-3R. 1916-3R. 1919-1R. 1920-3R. 1921-1R. 1922-discontinued. Mixed Doubles: 1923-1R.
Magazine Cover illustrator
Most of them are artist signed. The rest are imprinted with the words "Cover by Paul Martin." His signature remained fairly consistent; with a curvature P & M, slanted crossing of the T, and underline mark. Also with the placement of given name above surname.
His artwork featured on Foreign Service was initially sold to Parents in 1930. It went unused and ended up as the property of American Lithographic. They sold it to the Veterans of Foreign Wars in early 1930. Martin's artwork featured on Die Hausfrau (published in Milwaukee, Wis.) of a boy with five pups (pictured above), was initially used by the Gerlach Barklow Calendar Company. Farm & Fireside changed its name to Country Home in early 1930.
Parents' 25th anniversary issue came out in October 1951. Its unique cover featured twenty-five of their former covers, reproduced in miniature form (one for each year from 1926 to 50). Three of Martin's made it onto this silver jubilee edition. Their issued dates were Oct. 1928, Aug. 1929 and Oct. 1930. He therefore (in essence) won the coveted "Cover of the Year" award for 1928, 29 & 30.
The following list contains thirty-seven known credits, from consumer (not trade) magazines. It includes three from September 1925.
- The American Girl (1917-1979): 10-1931.
- Collier's (1888-Jan.1957): 5-26-1923, 2-2-1924 (pictured right), 6-28-1924, 10-25-1924 (pictured above), 11-22-1924, 12-27-1924, 5-2-1925, 5-30-1925, 6-27-1925, 7-4-1925, 7-25-1925, 9-19-1925, 10-31-1925, 1-16-1926, 2-13-1926, 5-22-1926, 12-25-1926, 2-26-1927, 8-13-1927, 8-27-1927.
- Everybody's (1899-1929): 9-1925.
- Farm & Fireside / Country Home (1878-1939): 11-1923, 8-1930.
- The Farmer's Wife (1897-1970): 1-1931.
- Foreign Service (1914-To Date): 5-1932.
- Die Hausfrau (1904-To Date): 4-1936.
- Liberty (1924-1950): 9-12-1925.
- Parents (Oct.1926-To Date): 10-1928, 2-1929, 5-1929, 8-1929, 10-1929, 2-1930, 10-1930.
- People's Home Journal (1885-1929): 5-1928 (pictured), 11-1928.
Book illustrator
His artistic contributions to short stories, include the following: 1. Saturday Evening Post. Short Turns and Encore by various writers, July 29, 1922 p. 16. 2. Collier's. The Blanket by Floyd Dell, October 16, 1926 p. 18. 3. Collier's. The Unfairway by Burford Lorimer, December 25, 1926 pp. 22-23. 4. Scribner's Magazine. Tragedy by Eve Bernstein, April 1928 p. 479. 5. Scribner's Magazine. On the Dark Trail by Franklin Holt, July 1928 p. 71.
The following list contains seven fictional (or semi-fictional) books for boys, girls or both.
- Philus, the Stable Boy of Bethlehem; and Other Children's Story-Sermons for Christmas.... Edmund J. Cleveland, with forward by the Rt. Rev. Charles L. Slattery, Sept. 1927. (Credits: cover, frontispiece and facing pp. 52, 66, 124.) It includes eleven short stories covering the church year. The opener is about a stable boy, who was present at the Nativity. These pseudo-narratives have a moral message.
- Puck Chasers Incorporated. Charles G. Muller, Sept. 1927. (Credits: cover, frontispiece and inside pages.) This is one of the earliest books with an ice hockey theme. Its predecessors tended to be on a combination of winter sports, instead of solely on ice hockey.
- Araminta. Helen Cady Forbes, Nov. 1927. (Credits: cover, frontispiece and facing pp. 134, 212.) Araminta turns eleven years old and finds a kidnapped baby.
- The Prince and the Pig's Gate, and Other Sermons in Story. Robert Hugh Morris, May 1928. (Credits: cover, frontispiece and facing pp. 48, 134, 166.)
- The Baseball Detective. Charles G. Muller, Aug. 1928. (Credits: cover, frontispiece and facing pp. 22, 132, 250-pictured.) It's a story of baseball, competition, friendship and intrigue at the Fisk School for Boys.
- Chad of Knob Hill: The Tale of a Lone Scout. Howard R. Garis, Sept. 1929. Republished in 2013. (Credits: cover, frontispiece and pp. 14, 60, 85, 97, 163, 187, 213, 281.) This book has a Boy Scouting theme. Garis created and wrote stories about Uncle Wiggily, a gentlemanly rheumatism-stricken rabbit.
- Stories of To-day and Yesterday; Thirty Selected Short Stories, Nine Imitative Stories by Students.... Frederick H. Law, editor, Feb. 1930. (Credit: frontispiece.) An instructional guide on how to appreciate and write short stories.
References and notes
Notes come after the sources. They are directly related or give additional details. An exception sometimes occurs when the same source is used multiple times. This pattern is maintained throughout the references for continuity purposes.
External links
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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