Classical Turkish music (Turkish: Türk sanat müzi?i, "Turkish art music"; or Klasik Türk müzi?i, "Classical Turkish music"), sometimes known as Ottoman classical music, developed in Istanbul and other major Ottoman cities and towns through the palaces and Sufi lodges of the Ottoman Empire. Above all a vocal music, Ottoman music traditionally accompanies a solo singer with a small instrumental ensemble. In recent times, instruments might include tambur (lute), ney (flute), kemençe (fiddle), keman (Western violin), kanun (zither), or other instruments. Sometimes described as monophonic music, the variety of ornamentation and variation in the ensemble requires the more accurate term heterophonic.
Video Ottoman classical music
Overview
Ottoman music has a large and varied system of modes or scales known as makams, and other rules of composition. There are more than 600 makams that have been used so far. Out of these, at least 119 makams are formally defined, but today only around 20 makams are widely used. In the Sufi teaching, each makam represents and conveys a particular psychological and spiritual state. Sometimes, in certain makams, Ottomans would use different instrumental and vocal musical pieces in order to cure certain medical and psychological conditions.
A number of notation systems were used for transcribing classical music, the most dominant being the Hamparsum notation in use until the gradual introduction of western notation. Turkish classical music is taught in conservatories and social clubs, the most respected of which is Istanbul's Üsküdar Musiki Cemiyeti.
A specific sequence of classical Turkish musical forms become a fas?l, a suite an instrumental prelude (pe?rev), an instrumental postlude (saz semaisi), and in between, the main section of vocal compositions which begins with and is punctuated by instrumental improvisations (taksim). A full fas?l concert would include four different instrumental forms and three vocal forms, including a light classical song, ?ark?. A strictly classical fas?l remains in the same makam throughout, from the introductory taksim to the end, which is usually a dance tune or oyun havas?. However shorter ?ark? compositions, precursors to modern day songs, are a part of this tradition, many of them extremely old, dating back to the 14th century; many are newer, with late 19th century songwriter Haci Arif Bey being especially popular. Tanr?korur argues that the perceived differences between the traditional music genres stemmed from the cultural clash between the East and the West that emerged during the Tanzîmat Era (1839-1908).l
Maps Ottoman classical music
Musical instruments
Traditional instruments in Ottoman classical music today include tanbur long-necked plucked lute, ney end-blown flute, kemençe bowed fiddle, oud plucked short-necked unfretted lute, kanun plucked zither, violin, and in Mevlevi music, kudüm drum. Older instruments still in use include lavta.
Forms
Ottoman classical music comprises many vocal and instrumental forms, among which are the suites called fas?l. A fas?l typically includes many instrumental and/or vocal movements, including taksim, pe?rev, ?ark?, beste, and kar, among others.
Genres
Ottoman music has various genres including the spiritual, improvised ("gazel", "kaside", "durak", etc.) and fasil music.
Composers and Performers
Other famous proponents of this genre include Dede Efendi, Prince Cantemir, Baba Hamparsum, Kemani Tatyos Efendi, Sultan Selim III, and Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent. The most popular modern Turkish classical singer is Münir Nurettin Selçuk, who was the first to establish a lead singer position. Other performers include Bekir S?dk? Sezgin, Alaeddin Yava?ça, Müzeyyen Senar, Emel Say?n and Zekai Tunca.
Other Composers
- Sultan Abdülazîz (1830-1876)
- Kara Ismail A?a (1674-1724)
- Niko?os A?a (1836-1885)
- Sadik A?a (1757-1815)
- Sadullah A?a (1730-1807)
- Tanbûrî Numan A?a (1750-1834)
- Zeki Mehmet A?a (1776-1846)
- Refik Talat Alpman (1894-1947)
- Hüseyin Sadettin Arel (1880-1955)
- Giriftzen Asim (1852-1929)
- Lemi Atli (1869-1945)
- Re?at Aysu (1910-1999)
- Aleko Bacanos (1888-1950)
- Yorgo Bacanos (1900-1977)
- Hac? Arif Bey (1831-1885)
- Ismail Hakki Bey (1865-1927)
- Kaptanzade Ali Riza Bey (1883-1934)
- Neyzen Salim Bey (1829-1884)
- Rahmi Bey (1864-1924)
- Rifat Bey (1820-1888)
- ?evki Bey (1860-1891)
- Tanbûrî Cemil Bey (1871-1916)
- Tanbûrî Osman Bey (1816-1885)
- Ûdi Nevres Bey (1873-1937)
- Cevdet Ça?la (1900-1988)
- Tanbûrî Mustafa Çavu? (1700-1770)
- Nayi Osman Dede (1652-1730)
- Neyzen Aziz Dede (1840-1905)
- Neyzen Emin Dede (1883-1945)
- Zekaî Dede (1816-1885)
- ?smail Dede Efendi (1778-1846)
- Kanuni Artaki Candan Efendi (1885-1948)
- Kemani Riza Efendi (1780-1852)
- Kemani Tatyos Efendi (1855-1913)
- Misirli Udi Ibrahim Efendi (1872-1933)
- Neyzen Dede Salih Efendi (1818-1888)
- Tab-i Mustafa Efendi (1705-1770)
- Rakim Elkutlu (1869-1948)
- Subhi Ezgi (1869-1962)
- Refik Fersan (1893-1965)
- Gazi Giray Han (1554-1607)
- ?erif Içli (1899-1956)
- Tanbûrî Isak (1745-1814)
- Buhurizade Mustafa Itri (1640-1711)
- Dilhayat Kalfa (1710-1780)
- Dimitri Kantemir (1673-1723)
- Sadettin Kaynak (1895-1961)
- Fahri Kopuz (1882-1968)
- Seyfettin Osmano?lu (1874-1926)
- Suphi Ziya Özbekkan (1887-1966)
- Yusuf Pa?a (1840-1895)
- Selahattin Pinar (1902-1960)
- Nuri Halil Poyraz (1885-1950)
- Hâf?z Post (1630-1694)
- Sultan Selim III (1761-1808)
- Kemal Niyazi Seyhun (1885-1960)
- Fethi Karamahmuto?lu (1942-1999)
- Bekir S?tk? Sezgin (1936-1996)
- Bimen ?en (1873-1943)
- Cinuçen Tanr?korur (1938-2000)
- Rauf Yekta (1871-1935)
Notes
External links
- Neyzen, the most complete collection of Ottoman sheet music, available for free online. The long list of Turkish words on the screen are names of individual 'makam'. Each makam has its own quality and repertoire, click on any of these to get a list of the sheet music available to view and download.
- TurkMusikisi, the premier Turkish-language website dedicated to Ottoman music. Highly recommended, regardless of Turkish ability.
- Secular classical music: selection from gazel improvisation sung by Safiye Ayla mp3, 829 kB, 0:00:53 duration
- Mosque music: selection from "Merhaba bahr?" (Mevlit) sung by Kâni Karaca mp3, 1.3 MB, 0:01:28 duration
- Mevlevi music: selection from 4th selam, Beyati Mevlevi Âyini mp3, 793 kB, 0:00:50
- Kalan Music, a major producer of new recordings and reissues of Turkish classical, mosque, and Sufi music
- The Turkish Music Portal is the most comprehensive website about Turkish music on the Internet. It explores the history, reviews the instruments of Turkish classical and folk music, and meets the composers and performers of all types of Turkish music. It is available in four languages: Turkish, English, French and German.
- Turkish New Musics You can find New Turkish musics
- Turkish New Musics You can find New Turkish musics
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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